Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions as a packaging system, and unlike its counter part, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, it does not have ribosomes attached to it. The endoplasmic reticulum works closely with the Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, RNA, mRNA, and tRNA. It creates a network of membranes found through the whole cell. The endoplasmic reticulum may also look different from cell to cell, depending on the cell's function.Smooth endoplasmic reticulums are shaped more like tubes. The endoplasmic reticulum is important because it plays a big part in a cell because it acts like a storage organelle. It helps create steroids and proteins then stores them. In muscle cells, it stores calcium. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is also used to synthesise lipids. This synthesis creates lipoproteins which is found in the liver. The endoplasmic reticulum also stores glycogen.The endoplasmic reticulum consists of tubules and vesicles that branch forming a network. In some cells there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum is folded and stacked layer upon layer within the cell and is connected to the cell's nuclear membrane Another function of the endoplasmic reticulum is to control the movement of newly synthesized proteins to their proper locations in the cell or to the membrane to be sent outside the cell.This is done by a process called budding, where small vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are cut off to carry the proteins to their new spots in the cell. It also stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later time. The endoplasmic reticulum allows molecules to be moved between the lumen and the cytoplasm, and since it is connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, it gives a route between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In muscle cells the endoplasmic reticulum releases calcium to trigger muscle contractions.The endoplasmic reticulum also has a role in drug toleranc e. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions to get rid of poisons, and drugs are considered a poison to the cell, if you consume more drugs, your cells will make more endoplasmic reticulum to get rid of the poisons. The cycle will the continue, the more drugs you take, the more smooth endoplasmic reticulum your cells will make. Your body builds up a tolerance for drugs because it will have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum to discard the drugs, and Endoplasmic Reticulum The primary purpose of this research paper is to find out whether the endoplasmic reticulum in the eggs of animals undergoes any structural or morphological changes during fertilization. The experiment studies this phenomenon by microinjecting a dye in unfertilized egg and then visualized using a confocal microscope to detect any alterations in structure. Eventually, this paper tries to explain the role played by the endoplasmic reticulum in fertilization. The research question that is being tested in this paper was about the Endoplasmic reticulum and how it plays a role in the fertilization which can be evidenced by structural changes that taking place during the fertilization process. The most important aspect of this experiment in the paper is the microinjection of eggs with soya beans oil saturated with DiI solution which enables visualization of the endoplasmic reticulum using the confocal microscope. The dye then spreads through the ER only in 30 minutes during which the cisternae and tubules of the ER can be identified. This method of staining is also utilized to stain the plasma membrane which is also a bilayer membrane. This experiment, therefore, teaches that the ER is a complex organelle, bilayer membrane with lipophilic layers.The weakness of this paper shows the changes in calcium levels in the fertilized eggs of Sea Urchin during the first few minutes when ER structural changes are thought to take place. The ER has an internal compartment that is involved in regulation of calcium. There is evidence that calcium is produced during fertilization. Is this calcium from the ER? Does calcium generation cause the structural changes in ER? These questions have not been answered by this research paper. Also, the control experiment for this would include a repeat of the tests under similar temperature conditions as previously conducted research experiments to compare the calcium levels. If this was my experiment, I would conduct similar research (ER changes) on large mammal animal models using unfertilized eggs incubated and fertilized at room and atmospheric temperature (conditions).

Graded Assignment: Characterization in Romeo and Juliet Essay

Now answer the seven questions below to demonstrate your understanding of Juliet’s character and some of the most important aspects of the play to this point. Be sure to answer each question fully and to the best of your ability, not only because this assignment will be graded, but also because detailed responses will be more helpful to you when you use this sheet to help you study for the upcoming Unit Test. Describe how Juliet’s mother behaves when she comes to inform Juliet about the arrangement her father made to have her marry Paris. How does Juliet’s mother’s behavior when Capulet gets angry at Juliet influence the way in which readers view Lady Capulet? Answer: She encourages Juliet to become aquatinted with Paris. When Lord Capulet became angry with Juliet for not wanting to marry, Lady Capulet won’t help her. When I read this, I wasn’t that surprised, because in the beginning she was not very close to her daughter. But it made me view Lady Capulet as a mean person. In what way is the Nurse different after the announcement of the marriage arranged between Juliet and Paris? How does the change in the Nurse affect Juliet? How does the change in the Nurse affect the way readers view her? Answer: The nurse now, does not believe in Juliet’s â€Å"love at first sight†. She now believes that she should forget about Romeo for her own benefit. The Nurse is now viewed as an antagonist. As Act III ends, Juliet heads off to Friar Laurence’s cell. What does the fact that she will not give in to what everyone wants her to do tell you about her character? Answer: She is very strong headed and kind of stubborn, and she will always still love Romeo. How does Juliet’s refusal to bow to the pressures exerted by her parents and the Nurse reinforce the idea that tragedy is the only outcome that can be expected from these circumstances? Answer: Because there is such a strict social â€Å"norm†, we know that Juliet’s rebellion was viewed as strong headedness, and that is not a desirable trait for a lady. When others turn from her, she will become desperate because she is so used to being catered to, and may act rash or dramatically. Describe the character of Mercutio and the impact that he has on the play, both in life and in death. Answer: Mercutio is smart, and well liked by most. He sets a good example for Romeo and Benvolio, he knows when it is time to fool around, and when life should be taken seriously. He is also calm and displays a confidence in his role, that gives people pause before they act harshly. Without Mercutio there to help his friends, the thoughts and actions they have become more rash. It is Tybalt’s slaying of Mercutio, and Romeo’s retaliation that leads to Romeo’s death. Describe the language that Shakespeare uses when Romeo and Juliet speak to one another, particularly when they first meet and in the Balcony Scene. How does their language help readers understand the depth of their love? Answer: The language they use is very decorative,he uses nature as descriptions of the love Romeo and Juliet share. There is also a polished or elegant almost quality to it, and you can tell that they have a deep commitment to each other. They use rhyme and metaphor, literary devices that make connections between ideas, emotions, and objects, that tells readers that they feel for each other deeply. Tybalt is portrayed as a villain in the play, and yet his death is not a positive event. Why is Tybalt’s death bad for Romeo and Juliet? Answer: Tybalt is killed by Romeo, to take revenge for the death of Mercutio. Romeo is sentenced to death, making it impossible for Romeo and Juliet’s to continue their relationship, and makes Juliet’s marriage to Paris almost certain.

Admissions essay

â€Å"l want to become the greatest engineer in the world†, said a 5 year old boy named Phone. That seemed to be a little dream of a child which he would forget soon. However, for 1 1 years since his saying, that boy had been still continuously following his dream. With remarkable ability of science, Phone was admitted to the physics department of HUSH High School for Gifted Students.In there, he got to know about Nanning Technological university from a senior. Phone was very impressed by the way this university inspired students and its extremely competitive educational environment. His love for .NET started then. Therefore, he challenged himself on the university entrance examination of .NET. Unfortunately, he was rejected. It was the very first big failure and Phone was deeply shocked. He avoided everyone and became more reserved.However, his passion was greater than anything else. Phone quickly overcame this grief, and started acquiring knowledge, to provide himself anothe r chance in the following year. Len addition to participation in an intense A-level program, he also did not forget to improve his soft skills and social knowledge by spending time on some extra-curricular activities such as movie making, volunteering ND being a technician for some events.Thanks to his efficient working method, Phone obtained a few amount of achievements like becoming an youth partner, and a film producer of a volunteer group. Those experiences, which made him more optimistic, sociable, responsible became unforgettable memories In his life. At this moment, when you are reading this essay, Phone had succeeded In completion of his changeable and had a great time before becoming a student In his dream university. I believe that as long as he maintains his passion, he can successfully pilot his own life. Admissions Essay After serious investigation and reflection I am convinced my educational goals will be far better achieved at NYU than at any other university. It is not an easy decision for me, as I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Villanova and made the most of it. One of the many wonderful concepts I have learned from my parents is to strive for academic excellence while balancing life with other activities and contributions. I am proud of my academic record at Villanova, as well as my extracurricular involvement in campus activities, part-time employment and community service. Through the efforts of my parents I have enjoyed a great deal of cultural and educational diversity. I was born and raised in Taiwan, and moved with my parents to Shanghai, China, where I attended high school. Within a very short time I advanced from speaking virtually no English to first place in my class, and then on to Advanced Placement classes. My secondary education in Shanghai was instrumental in the development of my interest in business and finance, and my goal is to be become expert in the area of financial analysis. NYU is a perfect match for me. NYU Stern is one of the finest business schools and enjoys a global reputation. I have learned from my parents two â€Å"laws†: the law of learning and the law of giving. I believe the more you learn the more open you become for learning. I am convinced NYU Stern is a great fit for â€Å"the law of learning† and by achieving academic excellence at NYU I will be in a position to choose career opportunities for continued growth not available at any other university. I have learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and committed to the Stern model of community service, particularly that â€Å"students apply business skills to effect social change.† I will bring to NYU a variety of assets and commitments. I have benefited in the past from having â€Å"mentors†, particularly in Shanghai, and I look forward to being able to mentor Chinese and Asian students at NYU. I have always been committed to community service and campus government, and plan on continuing these important activities. I will bring to the campus what others have considered in me an infectious â€Å"joy of learning, excitement for the future, and need for world contribution.† That is in essence my philosophy and I believe it will contribute to the NYU community. The time is right in my life to appreciate and take full advantage of all that NYU offers. I look forward to being a part of a university which has the city itself as part of the campus. While touring NYU I felt at once comfortable and energized, I feeling I never had at Villanova or any other university I have visited. I am fully aware of the significance of being considered for acceptance, and I am sincerely grateful for your time and consideration of my application. Admissions Essay After serious investigation and reflection I am convinced my educational goals will be far better achieved at NYU than at any other university. It is not an easy decision for me, as I thoroughly enjoyed my time at Villanova and made the most of it. One of the many wonderful concepts I have learned from my parents is to strive for academic excellence while balancing life with other activities and contributions. I am proud of my academic record at Villanova, as well as my extracurricular involvement in campus activities, part-time employment and community service. Through the efforts of my parents I have enjoyed a great deal of cultural and educational diversity. I was born and raised in Taiwan, and moved with my parents to Shanghai, China, where I attended high school. Within a very short time I advanced from speaking virtually no English to first place in my class, and then on to Advanced Placement classes. My secondary education in Shanghai was instrumental in the development of my interest in business and finance, and my goal is to be become expert in the area of financial analysis. NYU is a perfect match for me. NYU Stern is one of the finest business schools and enjoys a global reputation. I have learned from my parents two â€Å"laws†: the law of learning and the law of giving. I believe the more you learn the more open you become for learning. I am convinced NYU Stern is a great fit for â€Å"the law of learning† and by achieving academic excellence at NYU I will be in a position to choose career opportunities for continued growth not available at any other university. I have learned from my parents the critical importance of the law of giving, and I am both attracted and committed to the Stern model of community service, particularly that â€Å"students apply business skills to effect social change.† I will bring to NYU a variety of assets and commitments. I have benefited in the past from having â€Å"mentors†, particularly in Shanghai, and I look forward to being able to mentor Chinese and Asian students at NYU. I have always been committed to community service and campus government, and plan on continuing these important activities. I will bring to the campus what others have considered in me an infectious â€Å"joy of learning, excitement for the future, and need for world contribution.† That is in essence my philosophy and I believe it will contribute to the NYU community. The time is right in my life to appreciate and take full advantage of all that NYU offers. I look forward to being a part of a university which has the city itself as part of the campus. While touring NYU I felt at once comfortable and energized, I feeling I never had at Villanova or any other university I have visited. I am fully aware of the significance of being considered for acceptance, and I am sincerely grateful for your time and consideration of my application.

Assignment built around the outputs of the 16PF5 questionnaire and Essay

Assignment built around the outputs of the 16PF5 questionnaire and Belbin Self Perception Inventory - Essay Example I opted for the latter as it suited my requirements. Along with my studies, I gained experience related to the course. The most valuable experience was my 3-month stint with a US hospital in the operations and maintenance of their essential building systems. I also received an exposure to diverse backgrounds and culture, thereby enriching my experience. My greatest challenge was to obtain a job that would help me work on environmental protection. I did find one as a design engineer after the completion of the diploma. My role was to improve the way the buildings operate and I derived immense satisfaction in this role. Then came another turning point when, along with the engineering background, I wanted to equip myself with managerial abilities and hence decided to pursue a Masters course in building services engineering management. However, due to financial constraints, I have not been able to complete this course yet. Challenges provide us strength and hence, when my job was termina ted in 2009 at a contracting firm, I seized the opportunity in a government initiative and enrolled myself at the Project Management Programme. This was precisely what I was keen to pursue – learn the techniques in the management of projects. Buildings are essentially projects and this complimented my background in engineering. At each stage – when I was learning and when I had to take vital decisions – I gained immensely. While the formal learning was in the technology, I also acquired the ability to effectively communicate and negotiate. I acquired time management skills, team dynamics and I also learned to work with minimum supervision. At each stage of transition, I gained more confidence not just in my abilities in the job, but also to make the right decisions for my career. I did not have any major transitions in job as all the jobs were related. This made adaptation to the next job easier as in each job I worked in planning, designing

Theodore Roosevelt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theodore Roosevelt - Essay Example It will close with a discussion of the relevance of his decision today, some one hundred years later, and the benefits that have accrued to America. 1.1 The Origins of the Transfer Act of 1905 As an initial matter, it is important to note that Theodore Roosevelt did not create the United States Forest Service; quite the contrary, this federal agency was created and given legal powers by virtue of the United States Land Revision Act of 1891 which provided, in relevant part, that the president would thereafter have the authority to "set aside and reserve...any part of the public lands wholly or partly covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not." At the time, this was a skeletal piece of legislation with little immediate effect. It looked good on paper, it played well at social gatherings, but the reality was that the Act itself was lacking in real substance. This is because this initial legislation, vesting power in the American president, did not provide for any guidelines or mechanisms for using or for developing these set aside lands (Balogh, 2002). Thus, while the lands might be protected from economic exploitation, there was no mention of nat ional parks or development for public use. These lands, in short, were not only placed out of the reach of capitalistic interests but also out of the reach of purely scientific and public interests as well. Nonetheless, it was a piece of legislation, a perogative of presidential power, which Theodre Roosevelt would take advantage of a mere two decades later in order to more firmly entrench public interests, both in terms of research and public benefits more generally, with the Transfer Act... As an initial matter, it is important to note that Theodore Roosevelt did not create the United States Forest Service; quite the contrary, this federal agency was created and given legal powers by virtue of the United States Land Revision Act of 1891 which provided, in relevant part, that the president would thereafter have the authority to "set aside and reserve...any part of the public lands wholly or partly covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not.† At the time, this was a skeletal piece of legislation with little immediate effect. It looked good on paper, it played well at social gatherings, but the reality was that the Act itself was lacking in real substance. This is because this initial legislation, vesting power in the American president, did not provide any guidelines or mechanisms for using or for developing these set-aside lands (Balogh, 2002). Thus, while the lands might be protected from economic exploitation, there was no mention of n ational parks or development for public use. These lands, in short, were not only placed out of the reach of capitalistic interests but also out of the reach of purely scientific and public interests as well. Nonetheless, it was a piece of legislation, a prerogative of presidential power, which Theodore Roosevelt would take advantage of a mere two decades later in order to more firmly entrench public interests, both in terms of research and public benefits more generally, with the Transfer Act of 1905.

Marxist Econ Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marxist Econ Analysis - Essay Example Money and commodity are considered as value forms or means by which a value may exist and this is quite analogous to pointing out that the value placed on money is equal to the value placed on commodity once the money is utilized to purchase the commodity. In the process, money translates itself to commodity in value so despite the absence of literal transformation, the metaphor with value works to convert money as one form of value to commodity as another. This is basically why Marx finds it conducive to begin with commodities as groundwork for discourse on capital. If commodity runs out of value, the making of capital, which also depends on the projected output, would be insignificant. To Marx, in the building of an identity as a capitalist, one works under circumstances of trade in which a capital initially bears no potential but is gradually generated as long as negotiating equivalents involving commodities takes place. (2) What is the distinction that Marx makes between use-valu e, exchange-value, and value? On exchange-value, Marx claims that â€Å"exchange-value appears to be something accidental and purely relative, and consequently an intrinsic value.† Marx additionally points out that there emerges â€Å"contradiction in terms† attached to the exchange-value where exchange-value is expected to be similar with commodities of interest though it functions in another domain. In other words, while exchange-value may be expressed through a specific commodity, its evaluation cannot be based solely on objects of trade common to it. As such, during exchange, a value of a set of goods or service may reflect the value of a different set of goods or service and the commonality in the reflection of their worth only works in processes bounded by the exchange or trade in occurrence. On the other hand, use-value is basically perceived as the value of something that is found in its use. Eventually, Marx provides the corresponding definition stating that à ¢â‚¬Å"The utility of a thing makes it a use-value† where he adds â€Å"Being limited by the physical properties of the commodity, it has no existence apart from that commodity.† So, use-values would only materialize when the product undergoes consumption or utilization so that its value is identified via utility or certain characteristics for which it is taken advantage of. Through Marx’s labour theory of value, an economic value is â€Å"inherent in objects; remains constant despite changing demand, the passage of time, and other factors; and can be ‘objectively determined’ by calculations based upon some fundamental scientific principle.† However it takes effect, as long as it is intrinsically built on commodity, value would keep its essence whether it shrinks or expands in magnitude. It turns out that value is ‘what something means to someone’ in simple terms and the meaning of a commodity on the basis of its known economic sig nificance or social relevance serves as its value. (3) Is value an inherent property of all things produced in every mode of production? In other words, does value exist in non-commodity producing economies? For Marx, the ‘

Construction details Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Construction details - Essay Example Prior to theconstructionandidentification, somefactorswereconsidered to be paramountbeing in mindthattheerection of steelbarswasthekeypoints during thedevelopment. The Frame dimensions andthe dimensions of the Slab weremadesurethattheywerecompatible. Thiswasmainly to ensurethattheframe will be placed without any distort, comfortably within theplanned dimensions. The Frame Set-out wasalsoensured to be corresponding with thecorrectplan. Set-out wasmadeusingtheexact Architectural plans. Theaim of thiswas to ensurethatthecorrectandrelevantmeasurementsweretransferred to theactual subfloor(Esin & Cosgun, 2007). The Frames werealso Installed Right Way Up and Right Way Around. Thishoweverwasmadepossible by the availability of Steel Frame Solutions wallframenumberingsystemandthe Wall Framing Layout. During thedetailedfabricationprocess, theframes of thewallwerenumberedforthepurpose of accurateidentification. Thisprocess, however, does not leave behind thejunctionnumbers that are references to thebackwallframinglayout. To ensurethatthewallframewas not installed upside downorwrongwayaround, theterminalnumberswerematched with thewallframinglayout. Thearchitecturalplanwas a constantreferencesourceduring theentireconstructionperiod to makesurethatthestructure is correctand as initiallyplanned(Potvin, 2005). Theconstructionprocedureforthesteelextensionstructurewasfound to be thesame as thatfortimber framing, onlythatthesteelsstandstheadvantage of lightweightand rigidity. Theentireconstructionprocessstarted with strict studying of thecompleteset of Architectural andfabricationplans. Thewallframepositionsweremarked on thefloor with a chalk followingthe Architectural plansclosely. Itwasensuredthattheextensionperimeterwassquare, andthiswasfacilitated by comparingthe diagonals. Theexternalcornerwasmarkedandnoted to be crucial since that is wheretheerection of thesteelbeams would begin. Therelevantframepackswereopened,

Mexico forign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Mexico forign policy - Essay Example n is aimed at informing the United States citizens about the violation of human rights and encouraging international organizations such as the United Nations to submit recommendations to the government of Mexico with regards to the Ayotzinapa. It is also meant to inform the rest of the world that this case has not yet been closed as the case of such cases of disappearances in the past and reach out to the President Barrack Obama for intervention. Investigations by the Mexican Attorney General offices also show the involvement of the former mayor of Iguana in the disappearances. Investigations by the Proceso magazine revealed the involvement of federal police and armed forces in the disappearances although it has not been confirmed. Analysis: according to the investigations done by the Mexico Attorney General offices and a separate investigation by Proceso magazine, there is involvement of powerful people in the disappearances of the forty-three students. The United Nations have pointed out to the poor management of President Enrique Pena Nieto’s administration but the Mexican government has rejected such accusations. Although the case was closed because of the students’ remains being burnt to ashes and dumped in a river, the citizens want to show the anti-democracy and criminal acts

News Story - Emirates vs Canada Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

News Story - Emirates vs Canada - Article Example Emirates executives have argued that such an expansion could potentially create 2,800 jobs across Canada and generate up to $480m in additional economic activity†(The Economist). This proclamation did convince the premiers of Alberta and British Columbia to certain extend. However, Air Canada being the only airline flying to South Asia demanded the increase in UAE airline would only benefit UAE and will hurt Canada financially. The Canadians pointed out that the UAE airlines want to carry passengers to Canada from India and Pakistan using Dubai as hub. The author comments that the gulf airline has proved to be successful even during the recession and captured the travel market throughout Asia, Europe and America. According to some officials the treatment of Dubai government towards airline industry is not up to the mark. â€Å"Most governments around the world treat aviation as a pariah, choking its growth with costly, misdirected regulation, instead of adopting policies that recognize its considerable socio-economic benefits and support its sustainable growth†(The Economist).Moreover, the tax policy also creates hindrance to the growth and development of airline industry. Critical analysis of the dispute between Canadian and U.A.E airlines A) Main reason for dispute: The dispute between Canadian and U.A.E airline companies has created big problems between the relationships of these countries. The main thing for despise between these countries could have been the immediate action of the U.A.E. government to close down the air base. U.A.E., being the fastest going airline industry had landing agreements with Canada for the prospects of growing their market share as airline industry. The main reason for the dispute between these two nations started with the UAE government asking for more landing rights from their Canadian counterparts. According to the landing agreement signed in 1999, the Emirati airline was allowed to fly only 6 times a week .But, during 2007, UAE airline officials demanded an increase in the flight traffic to boost up the sales potential. This request by UAE has undoubtedly irritated the Canadian officials; nevertheless they did reconsider the request delivered by the UAE officials. They have understood that by giving extra landing rights they can very well be benefited in expanding their travel market. This negotiation between the two countries broiled for many years without ending in any agreeable outcome. However, the problem aroused in 2010, when the Canadian military approached U.A.E to share their military air base to service its operation for Afghanistan mission. U.A.E took this opportunity to show the vengeance by giving a non -renewable three- month lease to the Canadian military. Change in the attitude of Canadian authorities In the November of 2010 it was reported that there was change in the minds of Canadian official as to the expansion of landing rights to the U.A.E. Canada was ready to offer m ore landing slots to U.A.E in areas like Calgary and Vancouver considering the business prospect it could bring to their country. Nonetheless, U.A.E found out that there was a decrease in the capacity offered by Canada in air passenger travel which led to their offence. If one look at the whole situation, U.A.E. was right in demanding additional landing rights as this was useful to both the countries in expanding their travel market. Since U.A.E had a considerable amount of Canadian citizens, an addition in the flight

Their negative influence on childrens Essay Example for Free

Their negative influence on childrens Essay As a video game and computer game lover, the thought that negative effects ever being present in these enjoyable past time devices never crossed my mind. Over this past summer I was able to spend countless hours improving my skills on different games. I of course made multiple visits to video game stores such as Game Stop and Game Crazy. As I entered one these stores to purchase a new game, I noticed two boys, probably about eight or nine years of age, were playing one of the latest war games on a new video game console known as the Xbox 360. As I walked over to the shelves to search for the game that I had gone there to buy I heard a loud, Thats right bitch, I got your ass! I slowly turned to notice that it was one of the boys who were playing the Xbox that had just said this. What I had just heard is not something uncommon to hear boys say while playing certain games, but it made me think: what compels such young boys to act and say things this way? My purpose in this paper is to persuade parents of young boys that the video game culture might be harmful to their psychological development. First of all, video games today are being made so that the involvement of the player is constantly being improved. The idea is that when you play the character on the screen they want you feel as if you really are the character. Game producers are always trying to one up each other by making new ways to make games feel realistic. Whats unfortunate about this is that the majority of these games are extremely violent, gory, and sexually graphic. For example, consider the gaming company Rockstar. They are known for creating extremely controversial games. They are the creators of two popular games known as Grand Theft Auto and Bully. In Grand Theft Auto you play as a gang member in a suburban city who has the freedom to commit almost any kind of crime and is able to get away with it by killing those who get in your way. In the game Bully you play a young boy attending a private high school who bullies not only other students but teachers as well. These kinds of games all revolve around one notion, and that is using physical force to get what you want. This is what Cassell and Jenkins (1998) call playing like a male. In their book, From Barbie to Mortal Combat (1998), it explains how nine out of ten games present a male as the main character. Not only do these games have a male as the leading character, but the male is also grotesquely illustrated as a hyper masculine violent being. These males show no regret, grief, or sorrow toward their actions and basically take the life other characters in the game without expressing any emotion. Game producers come up with particular strategies to keep the gamer involved. Their most effective strategy is the way that they reward the gamer. The more people you kill the more points you get. At the end of every level they show a tally of how many kills you achieved and keep track of your points. As the game progresses these points allow you unlock more things in the game. For example, more weapons are provided for the character. At the beginning of the game the character is given low level weapons, such as a pistol or knife, but as the game continues the character gains larger and higher tech weapons, such a flame thrower or grenade launcher. And attaining these weapons lets the character kill more opponents quicker and allows the gamer to see more violently graphic material, such as severed limbs or exploding heads. According to Norris (2004), this aggression demonstrates extreme male behavior that contributes to gender stereotyping. Not only do we see extreme male stereotypes in video games, we also see extreme female stereotyping. In a game where the male is the main character females usually portrayed as helpless and needy and in most cases always need to be rescued. They are considered the damsels in distress. People may argue to an extent that there are also games that have females as the main characters too, such as the game Lara Croft, but this and other games define femininity in a very different way. Females who play larger roles in video games are portrayed extremely sexual. Since most gaming companies are comprised of mostly or all men, they portray the female characters as they would in a males fantasy. For example, Lara Crofts body is considered grossly unnatural. She does not have the same body proportions that a woman has. Her breast and waist sizes just dont exist in real life. And this applies to practically all females in video games. The last kind of video game that I would like to inform parents about are known as first person shooter games. These kinds of games basically teach kids how to kill. In the video documentary, Game Over (2002), Sergeant Baker explains how the U. S Military made a 30 year research on how first person shooter games effectively teaches someone to kill another person. In the military they use a live video feed simulator known as F. A. T. S, which stands for Fire Arm Training Simulator. The only difference between a first person shooter game and the simulator is that if a soldier accidentally shoots the wrong person they could be demoted or even fired, but if a child shoots the wrong person all they have to do is restart the game. A soldier may go to war and not fire a weapon for months on end, but when a child picks up a gun at the arcade or plays a first person shooter game they are going to shoot something. According to Sergeant Baker, the reason why the military uses these games to teach people how to kill is because it does just that, teaches them how to kill. They teach the mind to shoot at your enemy, and it has worked effectively for over 30 years. In conclusion, there are quite a few video games today can be detrimental to a child psychological development. I am not trying to say that all video games influence negative effects on children. As a matter of fact there are games that help teach problem-solving, hand-eye coordination, and allow boys to be competitive with each other. It is not the technology that is to blame, it is the content that gaming companies use where the problem lies. This is where parental guidance becomes important. Every game has a rating and that rating is there to let the childs guardians know whether that certain game is suitable for the age of the child. Overall video games are a fascinating past-time that is a lot of fun to play. Parents just need to make sure that they observe what their child is playing and how long they play it for. References Cassell, J. , Jenkins, H. , (1998). From barbie to mortal kombat: Gender and computer games. Caecilia: Graphic Composition, Inc. Norris, K. (2004). Gender Stereotypes, Aggression, and Computer Games: An Online Survey of Women. Retrieved November 26, 2006, from Academic Search Premier Database. Dietz, T. (1998) Sex roles: An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games. Reviewed November 26, 2006, from Google. com. Web site: http://www. findarticles. com/p/particles/mi_m2294/is_n5-6_v38/ai_20749198. Huntemann, N. (2002). Game Over: Gender, Race, and Violence in Video Games. United States: Media Education Foundation.

Transportation System Reliability and Safety

Transportation System Reliability and Safety Abstract In this report, the basic of transport systems framework are talked about which cover three noteworthy methods of transportation specifically road, water and air transportation. In each of the area, a short touch in the historical backdrop of these transportations modes is talked about. The different reasons for accidents are discussed in detailed with data, graphs etc. from various sources. Some of the reasons for road accidents that are highlighted in this report are mainly due to Road rage, Aged driving, Driving after alcohol Consumption and not attentive during driving. The different reasons are compared and various counter measures to avoid these cases are given. In addition different approaches to fabricate more secure streets and different procedures to avoid street accidents are specified. Introduction Transportation system is one of the vital everyday services utilized by a huge number of individuals to achieve their destinations. This is utilized by all classes of individuals in the general public running from President, Prime Minister to basic man. Any deviation in the wellbeing of such system can prompt to cataclysmic outcomes. In the past, numerous high scale and prominent mischance occurred in land, water and air. Consistently number of mishaps around the world keeps on increasing yearly. Consequently, it wont not be wrong to state that transportation system is a standout amongst the most essential examination zones in the field of wellbeing and unwavering quality and needs a great amount of attention. A single accident can take hundreds of life, so one might say that a principal consideration is expected to make the transportation system as solid as could be expected under the circumstances. It has been noted that there are over 1.6 million fatal accidents worldwide involving car accidents alone. In developed countries like United States of America, Australia, United Kingdom deaths due to road accidents are one of the leading causes of annual death rate. Even in developing countries the story is same. To minimize death rates due to these reasons, a great amount of funds, resources are released and programs are also conducted to enlighten people. History of Transportation Systems Road Transportation Transportation systems were at first created to satisfy the human hunger for voyaging faster and to cover large distances. In olden days, people used foot wears, snowshoes to travel long distance. In the early days of transportation time, animals were used as a essential vehicles. The innovation of the spoke-wheel incredibly expanded the effectiveness of transportation system and requirement for roadways were created. Early roadways were produced using block and stones. Yet, it wasnt until the modern insurgency in the eighteenth century that new methods were produced. With the assistance of Macadam, roads were built. The innovation that had the best effect on current transportation system came as steam engine in the eighteenth century. Steam engines were initially utilized in railway system, as well as in vehicles and steamboats. People could travel more noteworthy separations than any time in recent memory with the assistance of this new development. Diesel trains were created to further upgrade the abilities of the railway system. The creation of IC engines in the early twentieth century reformed the car part and developmental changes in the car outlines have prompted to the vehicles that are seen on the streets nowadays. Presently there are more than twenty three million vehicles in Canada alone with nine hundred thousand kilometer of roads. Water Transportation Paddles and sails speak to the two early advances in water travel, expanding both ships speed and dependability. With paddles, boats could be paddled against the current, also move regardless of the possibility that confronting ominous winds. With sails, boats could outfit the huge vitality of the wind to travel long separations. A standout amongst the most critical early revelations was the lateen sail, a triangular sail that could change over side winds into forward constrain. The lateen sail permitted boats to cruise against the wind, or tack. It was the real sail innovation utilized via nautical individuals in old circumstances. The stern rudder, which permitted more noteworthy control of boats, supplanted the side controlling paddle in the eighth century in China and in the twelfth century in Scandinavia. Incredible advances were made in navigation that permitted boats to dare to ocean and securely return. Early oceangoing boats for the most part remained nearby to shore, however primitive astrolabes had been produced to help decide latitude. Therefore, seafarers could decide their position in water. The astrolabe was prevailing by the octant, and in eighteenth century the sextant was designed. The sextant remained the most exact gadget to gauge scope until the twentieth century. To decide course when deceivability was poor, the Chinese utilized a lodestone spoon turning on a bronze plate as an early compass. By the twelfth century the attractive compass was being utilized as a route help. With the expanding ocean investigation of the world that started in the mid 1400s, the specialty of mapmaking bloomed. With precise maps, pioneers could discover their direction when their area was checked against known historic points. The most essential innovative advancement for inland water transportation was the development of the canal lock. The lock interfaces extends of trench worked at various rises. In spite of the fact that a basic waterway bolt was utilized by the Chinese, the most broad utilization of secures was discovered Holland, where usable locks were operation. As the herald of todays two-gated lock, the pound bolt permitted boats to enter one end of a trench and, after water was included or expelled, to exit at the flip side at an alternate water level. Air Transportation I.C engine has a significant effect on air transportation. The first aero plane was flown by Wright brothers in the year 1903. As time passed the development of jet engine allowed even greater speed and distances making it possible to travel round the globe in less time. Commercial air transportation began in 1914,first scheduling was done across Tampa bay and Florida. Since then there has been a lot of changes by bringing the world closer together. Present scenario 3.1 Road Accidents Accidents involving automobiles make headlines every day all over the world. Over 1.5 million deaths were related to accidents. And as mentioned earlier, automobile accidents related deaths are only second to AIDS in terms of causes of untimely death for men between the ages of 15 and 44. There are many causes that contribute to the high number of fatalities. Major causes are explored further and their potential solutions are carefully examined in this report. 3.1.1 Attention and Awareness One of the other major causes of automobile accidents includes lack of attention and awareness by the drivers. Using phones while driving is one of the main reasons for accidents. In 2003, it was determined that cell phone use alone may have been responsible for more than 2.5kdeaths and 330,000 injuries in U.S alone. It was also responsible for 1.5 million instances of property damage. Motorists who use cell phones while driving are four times more likely to get into crashes serious enough to lead to death. New results, published in July 2005, suggest that banning hand-held phone use wont necessarily improve safety if drivers simply switch to hands-free phones. The study found that injury crash risk didnt vary with type of phone. In California, a study was conducted on the relationship between cell phone usage and driving at the same time. It was determined that cell-phone use was linked to accidents involving 611 drivers during the first six months of 2002. A study from the United Kingdom revealed that talking on any cell phone while driving is so mentally distracting that it is as dangerous, as driving when slightly over the legal blood-alcohol limit. By mid 2004, American bodies such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) were rightly starting to challenge the wisdom of approving the use even of hands-free cell phones while driving. The world-renowned Transport Research Laboratory was commissioned to perform a study after a survey revealed that 40% of drivers in Britain, use a cell phone while driving. Even though most of those drivers realized that using a cell phone is distracting, they did not think it to be as dangerous as drinking and driving. Another study was carried out over three months, after which a panel of volunteers was tested on a sophisticated driving simulator. The level of driving impairment was tested for the three relevant driving situations: talking on a hand-held cell phone, talking on a hands-free phone, and driving when slightly over the legal blood-alcohol limit. The result was that the drivers reaction times were thirty percent worse when they were talking on cell phones than when they were borderline intoxicated. Compared to normal driving conditions, drivers talking on the hand-held phone were fifty percent impaired. Two of the most visible problems that resulted from this impairment were an inability to maintain a constant speed and an inability to remain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead. Drivers in the study later admitted that they had actually found it easier to drive while intoxicated (just over the legal limit) than when using a cell phone, whether it was hand-held or hands-free. Drivers using cell phones also missed many more road signs than did the drunk drivers. It was also demonstrated from the study that hand-held cell phones proved to be even more distracting than hands-free units. Steps taken to prevent this Even though there are many studies which dispute the effects of cell phone usage and accidents. Lawmakers all over the world are being convinced that there exist a connection and have, therefore, legislated laws banning the use of hand held phones while driving. Cellular telephone use is rapidly expanding worldwide and is increasingly being used by all age groups for personal communications, while business use continues unabated. Some new cellular telephone users will place calls while driving, which may lead to greater exposure to cellular telephone-related distractions in the driving population, all else being equal. Driver inattention to the driving task, the key safety-relevant outcome of driver distraction, has been implicated in many traffic crashes. The distraction may be reduced if drivers are aware of the hazards and use their cellular telephones carefully while on the road. Distraction potential can also be reduced by ergonomically sound cellular telephone designs and new Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies that may be capable of compensating for driver distraction by alerting drivers when traffic conflicts or hazards are present. The safety benefits of cellular telephones are well recognized as users frequently make calls to report disabled vehicles, accidents, hazardous road conditions, medical emergencies, and crimes in progress. However, the safety benefits are not without drawbacks. For example, some emergency response networks have reported in excess of one hundred 911 calls for the same incident, making the networks unavailable for reporting other emergencies. Furthermore, traffic safety itself may be degraded somewhat if more drivers are distracted while making such calls in hazardous driving situations, e.g., slowed or stop-and-go traffic, and rubbernecking. Elderly drivers in general find it more difficult to perform concurrent tasks and process information quickly. A cellular telephone, if used while driving, may aggravate age-related problems by introducing a distracting, concurrent task. In addition, elderly drivers will often find it more challenging to operate cellular telephones that tend toward small displays and controls designed to specifications drawn from a younger population. Laws limiting the use of cellular telephones while driving have been enacted in a number of countries throughout the world. Laws specifically prohibit careless or inattentive driving. While attempts have been made to enact laws limiting the use of cellular telephones while driving in some States in the U.S., none thus far has been successful. In Washington state however, the motor vehicle was amended to specifically permit use of approved headphones by motorists using hands-free, wireless communications systems, which may be viewed as promoting the use of hands-free cellular telephones and prohibiting the use of hand held or other unapproved systems. States are encouraged to actively enforce their reckless and inattentive driving laws and states without inattentive driving laws should consider enacting such provisions. When law enforcement police officers see reckless or inattentive driving that is associated with the use of cellular telephones, it ought to be noted in the officers report or on the citation. Similarly, when a crash occurs, it should be noted on the police crash report whether a cellular telephone was in use during or prior to the crash. This information could be useful in allowing states to assess the magnitude and nature of the problem of cellular telephone use by drivers. Legislative proposals that have been introduced in the States have focused primarily on prohibiting the use of cellular telephones that require drivers to use their hands to operate or hold the phone. These proposals generally allow the use of hands-free models. The outcome of any restrictions or limitations, however, may not be as clear-cut as initially believed. For example, these legislative initiatives seem to be based on the assumption that hands-free cellular telephones phones are acceptable while driving, but hand-held phones are not. Properly implemented, hands-free designs should reduce the distractions associated with dialing, holding, reaching for, or picking up a dropped handset and allow the driver to keep both hands on the wheel. However, hands-free phones do nothing to mitigate the distraction potential of cellular telephone conversation. Proposed legislation that prohibits only the use of hand held cellular telephones may, in fact, promote cellular telephone use (e.g., drivers may use their phone more frequently and for a longer duration) among limited users and non-users by suggesting that hands free use is safe. This could potentially increase exposure to any safety hazards that may exist. Thus, the outcome of legislation specifying hands free only usage, may be an increase in cellular telephone related crashes to the extent that conversation itself is a causal factor in crashes. Considering the inconclusive nature of empirical evidence reviewed on the magnitude of the cellular telephone-related highway safety problem, existing legislative initiatives may thus be inappropriate on technical grounds alone for now. For this reason, it is important to add to any legislation adequate data collection system to monitor the impact of the legislation on relevant crashes. An effort should be also be made to examine the cost-benefit tradeoffs of legislative actions related to cellular telephone use while driving. Potential costs of unrestricted cellular telephone use may include those associated with distraction-induced crashes and degraded driving performance. Benefits of unrestricted cellular telephone use include more efficient use of commuting time, emergency service notification capability, and the conveniences attendant to closer communications with family, friends and business. 3.1.2 Alcohol consumption and Driving It became evident soon after the introduction of motor vehicles that drivers under the influence of alcohol increases the risk of crashing, and laws prohibiting alcohol-impaired driving. Enforcement of laws by authorities was the primary approach to accidents prevention, but it proved difficult to prove roadside evaluations of drivers fitness to drive. During the 1940s, highway patrol police officers identified alcohol involvement in only three percent of traffic collisions whereas epidemiological studies using breath and blood measurement of alcohol levels showed much greater alcohol involvement. The evidence that alcohol was causally involved in a significant proportion of crashes led to the enactment of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving. The first such law was passed in 1939 with the limit set at 0.15% BAC. Although the laws subsequently passed throughout the United States lowered the limit to 0.10% or 0.08%, scientific studies of alcohol effects on driving skil ls demonstrate that impairment also occurs at even lower BACs. Empirical data suggests that the degree of impairment produced by alcohol may be modified by other variables. During the time of the study in 1962, women drivers drove far less frequently and for shorter distances than male drivers, hence possibly making them more susceptible to alcohol effects on driving. Analysis of the studys data relied primarily on uni-variate statistical methods, which could not discriminate the effects of age, gender, and drinking practices from the effects of other variables. In the same study, a gender and alcohol interaction did not occur until the BACs reached a level of 0.08% and above. At those levels, women were more frequently accident-involved than men. Laboratory studies of the responses by men and women to alcohol, however, provided inconclusive results. Most experiments had given men and women the same alcohol dosage but since the body fat and total body water of men and women differ greatly even when they are the same age, height and weight, women reach a higher BAC than men for the same alcohol amount. Many early studies failed to take this into account, but more recent studies have used comparable BACs rather than equivalent doses. Even though most early studies failed to find significant difference between male and female subjects, more reliable evidence exists for an interaction between alcohol and drinking practices. The Grand Rapids study reported that the likelihood of involvement in a collision for drivers at the same BAC was greatest for the drivers with the lowest daily alcohol consumption. A study done in 1974 supported this finding with a comparison of extremely heavy drinkers and moderate drinkers. They reported that heavy drinkers were less impaired than moderate drinkers at equal BACs on several psychomotor tasks. Also, a mean ethanol clearance rate of 0.020% per hour for the heavy drinkers, in comparison to a rate of 0.017% per hour for the moderate drinkers, showed a physiological difference between the heavy and moderate drinkers. Steps taken to prevent this One of the major tools used to reduce the number of fatalities involving DWI is a law called the 0.08 BAC Law. As of August 2000, 19 states and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have enacted .08 per se laws in the United States. These laws make it illegal to drive with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at or above 0.08 percent. The early evidence has demonstrated that 0.08 leads to a reduction in alcohol-related fatalities, especially when implemented in concert with a strong publicity campaign and highly visible enforcement. A real-life example of the effectiveness of 0.08 BAC law is found in Illinois where the number of drivers with positive BACs (BAC>0.08) in fatal crashes decreased 13.7 percent in Illinois after implementation of the 0.08 law. This is a statistically significant reduction, and included drivers at both low and high BACs. The researchers estimated that the 0.08 law saved 47 lives in Illinois in 1998. The 13.7% reduction in Illinois is higher than typically has been found in other studies of the effects of 0.08 laws. There is a minimal cost associated in the implementation. Also, only a small increase in arrests, but not enough to overburden the courts. It can be accommodated with existing law as same rules of enforcement apply, for example probable cause law to stop a driver. It also succeeds in sending a message to the public that the State is getting tougher on impaired driving and therefore potential benefits far outweigh any costs 3.1.3 Aged Driving Fragility increases with age. Elderly drivers and passengers are more likely to be killed than younger drivers in crashes of similar severity. In addition, as a person ages, specific functions related to driving skills may decline; including vision, hearing, reaction time, and cognitive and motor abilities. While many elderly persons are able to compensate because of years of driving experience and safe behaviors, the aging process affects people in different ways and on different timetables; and thats why some elderly people experience a decline in their driving skills. Though motorists over the age of 70 drive far less frequently than other age groups, they already account for an outsize proportion of fatalities, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The death rate per mile traveled for drivers over 85 is four times that of the 30-60 aged group. The only group more dangerous than senior citizens is teen-agers. Senior drivers have special trouble judging s peed and distances, which causes an inordinate number of rear-end and left-hand-turn accidents. 3.1.4 Road Rage Its defined as an incident in which an impatient motorist or passenger intentionally injures or kills another motorist, passenger or pedestrian; attempts or threatens to injure or kill another motorist, passenger or pedestrian. Road rage is uncontrolled anger that results in violence or threatened violence on the road; it is criminal behavior. 3.1.5 Improving the Vehicle and Driving Environment Safety experts are working to enhance the safety of vehicles for elderly drivers. For example, automobiles are being adapted to make driving easier, including the use of features like wide-angle mirrors and increasing the readability of the instrument panel. Force-limiting airbags and seatbelts are in development. The driving environment can also be modified. The Federal Highway Administration has developed a handbook for state officials on road design and management that improves the safety of the driving environment for elderly persons and all other road users. The lettering, brightness and contrast, size, and location of traffic signs can be changed to improve visibility. And finally, traffic and road design can enhance driver safety by including left-turn lanes, protected turn signals, and traffic-calming measures such as speed bumps. 3.1.6 Environmental Factors The driving environment impacts the safety of co-passengers when they drive. Signs and road markings may be difficult to see at night; small lettering may be difficult to read even during the day; and large intersections with multiple access roads can be complex and confusing. Furthermore, the vehicles that elderly persons use may also impede safe driving. Some drivers tend to drive elderly vehicles, which may lack modern safety features. In newer vehicles, instrument panels with many features may be confusing to the elderly drivers. Airbags and seatbelts may require fine-tuning so that they are less likely to break elderly persons more fragile bones. Seatbelts are especially important for elderly persons because of their increased risk of death in crashes. Driver refresher courses for elderly adults are available. The AARP Driver Safety Program serves more than 700,000 drivers each year. In addition, keeping fit and healthy also affects driving ability. Persons aged 75 or elderly with poor health and disability status (HDS) drive less often than persons with excellent HDS, and report more problems when they do drive. Certain medications can interfere with driving skills, especially for persons taking multiple medications, or combining medications with alc ohol. Steps taken to prevent this Currently, licensing laws vary dramatically from country to country and province to province. At least 20 states have special provisions, such as vision or writing tests, which 65 and 70-year old drivers must complete before renewing their licenses. Some states have confidential procedures that allow friends, family or medical professionals to report seniors they think shouldnt be driving. Other states are considering graduated licensing laws for seniors, similar to ones for teen-agers in some states. In Connecticut, for example, drivers aged 65 or elderly can be on a two-year or six-year renewal cycle, and they usually have to appear in person. In New Jersey, a recent Senate bill plans to devote funds to create senior citizen safe-driving health centers that would offer hospital-based medical and diagnostic services to improve the driving capability of elderly people. They will also assess the need for a seniors car to be modified by adjusting brakes, mirrors or steering. The bill is also going to allow for auto-insurance premium reductions for elderly drivers who complete a safe-driving program. In Hawaii, new legislation introduced in February would require all residents 75 or elderly to take a driving test when renewing their licenses. In Washington, a 2004 bill that required medical certification for drivers 75 and elderly was introduced, but failed to make it out of committee. 3.2 Designing better roads One of the best ways to reduce the number of fatalities due to any road accident is to design better and safer roads. Two fundamental goals have been devised in the strategic plan for design of safer roads: to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway, and second, to minimize the impact on the traveler if the vehicle does depart the roadway. A number of possible countermeasures are available to reduce roadway departure crashes, which represent 59 percent of all fatalities. Countermeasures to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway include adequate signing and pavement markings, rumble strips to alert the driver to drifting off the roadway, skid-resistant pavements, and improvements to roadway geometrics. Good visual cues are necessary to assure that the driver can maneuver through ever-changing roadway conditions. Thus it is important that signs and markings are maintained, are provided at the proper location to guide the driver, and are supplying accurate information. FHWA currently is advancing rulemaking on sign retro-reflectivity standards for traffic control devices as part of the agencys ongoing effort to provide consistent, definable standards that improve the visibility of signs. Another countermeasure to prevent travelers from leaving the roadway, rumble strips, was identified as one of FHWAs priority, market-ready (ready-to-use) technologies and innovations. Rumble strips are designed to alert a drowsy driver drifting off the roadway by producing an audible sound and physical vibration. Rumble strips, already widely accepted for roadway shoulder applications, now are being applied and evaluated as centerline treatments as well. A recent report by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety noted that centerline rumble strips reduced crashes at treated sites by 14%. Rumble stripes are a combination of pavement markings and rumbles strips, with the markings applied on top of the rumble strips. Rumble stripes enhance visibility as the vertical face of the rumble strip provides a raised texture that enhances the retro-reflectivity performance of the striping material. Once a vehicle leaves the roadway, the goal of the highway engineer is to minimize harm to the traveler. This goal can be met by assuring that the roadside can be traversed safely, by shielding or eliminating roadside objects, or by preventing collisions with opposing traffic. Intersections represent the second strategic focus area to address the fatality-reduction challenge. Intersection crashes represented more than 20 % of all fatalities and half of the injuries in 2002. Two countermeasures are high on the priority, market-ready innovations and ready-to-use technologies: red light running cameras and roundabouts. Red light running cameras offer the opportunity to address driver behavioral issues as part of an overall engineering approach for improving the operation of intersections. A red light running camera program requires extensive outreach with the public to assure acceptance of the technology and its application. Roundabouts can reduce the number of conflict points at problem intersections, and in rural locations can be particularly effective in reducing the severity of crashes. Pedestrians are affected by highway projects during construction, particularly in urban areas, and they can be affected negatively for the long term if projects are not designed to address pedestrian movements as part of the overall design objectives. Pedestrian safety requires a three-pronged approach: Making drivers aware of the presence of pedestrians (i.e. encouraging them to make a habit of pedestrian awareness, driving safely around pedestrian areas, and yielding to pedestrians) Encouraging engineers and planners to accommodate pedestrian mobility and safety when designing roadways and other transportation facilities. Educating pedestrians about safe behavior, the meanings of the pedestrian signs and signals, and actions that will improve their own safety; To target the first and third critical areas, a campaign was developed called the Pedestrian Safety Campaign Planner, a ready-made toolkit of outreach materials that States and communities can customize and use locally. The purpose of the campaign is to sensitize drivers to the presence of pedestrians and to educate pedestrians about minimizing risks to their safety. The Pedestrian Safety Campaign Planner includes materials designed for use in television, radio, cinema, and print advertising. Some of the materials included in the toolkit are available in both English and Spanish. States and local communities are responsible for implementing the campaign through local television and radio stations and print media. To target the second critical area, a number of initiatives are underway. One is an evaluation of various pedestrian safety engineering and intelligent transportation systems countermeasures in three cities (Miami, Las Vegas, and San Francisco) that will be ongoing for the next several years. Another is the development of PedSafe, a software tool that assists engineers and other interested parties in selecting appropriate pedestrian safety engineering countermeasures for specific sites based on criteria unique to each site. Road safety audits (RSA) offer an opportunity to provide an independent assessment of a projects safety at any stage of its life: planning, design, construction, or post construct

Consumer Behaviour: Apple Iphone4 Users Vs Samsung

Consumer Behaviour: Apple Iphone4 Users Vs Samsung Samsung started off in the year 1938 by Byung-Chull Lee as a small company that started their exporting business in Korea They had exporting of fish, vegetables and fruit to China. It wasnt long before Samsung made their presence in flour mills as well as confectionary machines. After many years of striving there company decided for as a cooperation company in the year 1951. It was then they rapidly grew placing foot in various diversified businesses from heavy, chemical and petrochemical industries in 1958 which then led them to enter into Electronics in 1969. Samsung has now transformed into a one of the Leaders today in the Digital Electronics industry. They have Headquarter in the Samsung Town a town in Seoul, South Korea. Samsung had majorly influenced in the South Korean market and effected the various sectors i.e from economic growth, politics, media as well as the culture. Samsung is responsible for almost 20% of South Koreas exports and revenues. They have grabbed a sort of monopoly place in the South Korean companies. Samsung has set a benchmark in international businesses today and is considered as a role model. Apple Inc. was formed in the year 1976 by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak. They began business selling computers, Apple I personal computer kit. Apple is an American based company that has focussed there entire business in the designing, manufacturing and selling various electronic devices, computer software and personal computers. There headquarters is in a suburban city called Cupertino located in California. The company deals in the Macintosh line of computers which are the initial successful hardware products, the iPod, iPhone, iPad. Apple operating system the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; iLife is the suite required for multimedia and creativity software. Apple recently considered as one of the prime company in view of market capitalization, and the leading company in terms of technology in the world. Apple was stated as the admired company that was published by Fortune magazine 2011. The state of the art design and innovation in features was what made Apple to reach heights even without much of investments into advertisements, Apple had achieved a top solo grade in the consumer electronics industry which completely boosted its brand image to heights never attained by any other.. This gained them a devoted customer base that are die heart Apple brand, especially in the USA. Product Overview Samsung Galaxy S2 Apple iPhone 4S SIZE Dimensions 125.3 x 66.1 x 8.5 mm 115.2 x 58.6 x 9.3 mm Weight 116 g 140 g DISPLAY Type Super AMOLED Plus capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors LED-backlit IPS TFT, capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors Size 480 x 800 pixels, 4.3 inches (~217 ppi pixel density) 640 x 960 pixels, 3.5 inches (~330 ppi pixel density) Gorilla Glass display Scratch-resistant oleophobic surface TouchWiz UI v4.0 Multi-touch input method Multi-touch input method Accelerometer sensor for auto-rotate Accelerometer sensor for UI auto-rotate Three-axis gyro sensor Touch-sensitive controls Proximity sensor for auto turn-off Proximity sensor for auto turn-off Gyroscope sensor Internal 16GB/32GB storage, 1 GB RAM 16/32/64 GB storage, 512 MB RAM Card slot microSD, up to 32GB, 8 GB included, buy memory No CAMERA Primary 8 MP, 32642448 pixels, autofocus, LED flash 8 MP, 32642448 pixels, autofocus, LED flash Features Geo-tagging, touch focus, face and smile detection, image stabilization Touch focus, geo-tagging, face detection, HDR Video Yes, [emailprotected] Yes, [emailprotected], LED video light, video stabilization, geo-tagging Secondary Yes, 2 MP Yes, VGA FEATURES OS Android OS, v2.3 (Gingerbread), planned upgrade to v4.0 iOS 5 Chipset Exynos Apple A5 CPU Dual-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A9 Dual-core 1 GHz Cortex-A9 GPU Mali-400MP PowerVR SGX543MP2 Radio Stereo FM radio with RDS No GPS Yes, with A-GPS support Yes, with A-GPS support and GLONASS Java Yes, via Java MIDP emulator No Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic MicroSIM card support only NFC support (optional) Scratch-resistant glass back panel TV-out (via MHL A/V link) Active noise cancellation with dedicated mic SNS integration Siri natural language commands and dictation Digital compass iCloud cloud service BATTERY Standard battery, Li-Ion 1650 mAh Standard battery, Li-Po 1432 mAh Stand-by Up to 710 h (2G) / Up to 610 h (3G) Up to 200 h (2G) / Up to 200 h (3G) Talk time Up to 18 h 20 min (2G) / Up to 8 h 40 min (3G) Up to 14 h (2G) / Up to 8 h (3G) Market and Competitor Analysis During Q2 of 2011 they had sales of 428.7 million units in the international sales of mobile devices to end users. A direct 16.5 percent increase from the second quarter of the previous year 2010 according to Gartner Inc. as shown in Table 1.1. Smartphones sales were up 74 percent year-on-year and accounted for 25 percent of overall sales in the second quarter of 2011, up from 17 percent in the second quarter of 2010. Consumers in developed markets are purchases midrange Android smartphones over feature phones, mainly seen due to carriers and manufacturers promotions. 1(Gatner) Since we are focussing on the smart-phone segment, we have considered companies such as Nokia, Samsung, Apple RIM. Nokia is still leads in market share in the overall industry. But we can see that in smartphone segment the sales is low due to the highly competitive market that reduced the customer demand towards Symbian. Samsung, attained a rapid growth in the Smartphone segment during the recent years. Galaxy-S2 sold about nearly 10milion units by end of November. The strong performance in smartphones helped in achieving a good crunch of market share to become the third best vendor in this segment. Apple, iphone 4S received a overwhelming response from the consumers as it had 4 million pre- orders. The growth mainly came from 42 new carriers and 15 New countries in Q2 2011. Total Apple sales coverage is in around 100 countries. RIM, market share in smart phone declined by 12% by Q2 2011. It had lost its position No.5 in the international mobile device to a Chinese vendor called ZTE. Among all the smart-phone segments our major focus is between iphone (4/4S) and Samsung Galaxy S2. From the below table of SWOT analysis it is seen that both have a threat of intense competition and highly developed market. Apple iphone(4/4S) is having a advantage of first mover. Samsung Galaxy S2 is considered to be a price-value product which is its major strength but lacks the Brand value in comparison to the Apple iphone. Samsung Galaxy S2 Strengths Price-value product Good Distribution channels Variety in Product Line for all segments 4G is available in S2 Rich User Interface Wide Screen, Gorilla glass Weakness Looks not impressive Lacks Brand value Opportunities Google Support Independent Hardware Unit New status symbol Threats Intense competition Highly Developed Market Apple iphone 4 Strengths First Mover Style/ Brand Rich User Interface User Base Hype Opportunities Existing Applications Loyal customer base Distribute itune content Siri Market Positioning Apple has already established a place in the minds of the people that it is a very high value product and is portrayed as a sign of perfection. Apple iphone quickly jumped the starting phase and straight away went to growth by their rising sales, growing number of competitors and strong awareness. This is made possible only by understanding the unrealized needs, design and ability to operate with any computer operating system. After the launch of iphone a new era of touch was created that made the other competitors to launch similar kind of product in this segment. Samsung being one of the major player introduced Corby which became a hit among the value consumers, and then in order to gain market share of the high end consumers they launched the Galaxy series. Targeting the females Samsung had launched Galaxy S2 in Pink colour which also gained a lot of new customers for them. In Q2 Q3 Apple had a sale of 38million worldwide whereas then Samsung had a sale of 10 million in the same quarters. Company Focussed Competition Focussed Pushes the Boundaries Leader: Apple Challenger: Samsung Stays within the Boundaries Niche: Lava/Spice Follower: LG/Motorola/HTC Apple: Prelaunch Strategy Public Relations Blogs Sneak Peak on RD info Buzz Viral marketing Launch Strategy Print Media TV Outdoor Media Social Media Apple.com Post Launch Strategy Carrier handled advertisement Apple.com Independent review websites Digital Campaigns Samsung also have push pull strategy for the product launches and promotion of the products. Compare to Apple, Samsung creates buzz among the consumers by showcasing their products in trade shows exhibitions. Samsung also launches the teaser videos and print media information to promote the product before the launch. In Dubai there are no banners or print media advertisements for Apple, however there are many banners available for Galaxy S2 at different places. Samsung have many official You Tube channels for the different geographic locations. To compete with Apple in USA Samsung launched an official signup page for Galaxy S2 where potential buyers can login to understand the various features of the phone and chat with the official customer support centre. As a challenger strategy Samsung is into aggressive advertisement against the Apple with series of new advertisement especially for US market in which they have shown the new technology innovation of 4G which is currently not su pported by any iPhone. For Samsung: Prelaunch Strategy Public Relations Exhibitions Trade shows Teaser Videos Print Media You Tube Videos Launch Strategy Print Media You Tube Videos Intense TV Advertising Outdoor Media Social Media Samsung.com Post Launch Strategy Banners Promoters Dealer Advertisements Offers Independent review websites Trade shows/Exhibitions Pricing Strategy iPhone is available in three different versions of Phone memory: 16GB, 32GB, 64GB whereas Samsung is only available in 16GB only. Both are available in Locked and unlocked versions. Locked versions are normally available in 2years contract in USA (ATtT), UAE (Etisalat du), India (Airtel Aircel). The below table gives the pricing of the two smart-phone giants in three different regions: In terms of pricing Apple has come up with many following strategies: To reach out to the Maximum consumers they have launched locked and unlocked versions with significant price differences in some countries. Their pricing differs depending on country to country in Asian countries they have positioned as a Luxury product. Prices are higher than their competitors because of people perceive them as the state of the art technology. Apple has fixed pricing strategy, changes in pricing occurs only when a newer version of the product is launched. In terms of pricing Samsung has come up with many following strategies: To reach out to the Maximum consumers they have launched locked and unlocked versions with significant price differences in some countries. Samsung provides a normal pricing structure irrespective of the geographical location. Samsung maintains prices at a competitive price with their competitors. Samsung is now gradually reducing prices in order to maximize sales and attract new customers to improve their market penetration. Consumer Behaviour Methodology We have conducted the consumer behaviour survey by framing a questionnaire and distributed it to the users of iPhone Samsung Galaxy S2 in DIAC(Dubai International Academic city). We have considered a sample size of 40 constituting of 20 Samsung Galaxy S2 users and 20 Apple iPhone 4 users(as iPhone 4S has not been officially launched in Dubai yet). With the feedback we have received through our survey we are conducting our statistical analysis and the results are as given below: The two main objectives of this survey was to understand the decision process of the consumer before purchasing the phone. The 2nd objective is to measure the level of consumer satisfaction among the two smartphone users. Product Attributes influencing the decision making in buying the phone: The three basic attributes which came as an important factor after analyzing the data are Brand value, Performance Features/Specifications. Brand Value is very important among the consumers of both Galaxy S2 iPhone4. It has been seen in our survey 59% were Apple users who got more influenced by Apple Brand to purchase their phone compared to Samsung that is 41%. Performance is an extremely important factor for both iPhone as well as Galaxy users. As shown in the piechart the S2 users were more influenced by performance of the phone as this one of the attribute that led them to prefer Samsung smartphones to the iPhone. Features/Specifications is an extremely important influential factor for purchasing phone for the users of iPhone and Galaxy S2. For Galaxy S2 it is inferred that 54% users were influenced by this to purchase the phone compared to iPhone which is just 46%. Medium of Attributes that led to this decision: This is to understand the various medium which has played a important role to facilitate the decision process. In both Samsung Galaxy S2 and iPhone4 word of mouth and advertising played a crucial role where as industrial publications and trade show events were not that impactful. As seen in the pie chart Samsung has 64% and iPhone 4 has just 36%. Being a challenger Galaxy S2 and shown above having high influence for its performance and specifications word of mouth has become an important factor. Samsung has been more influential with its advertisements compared to Apple as seen in the chart towards the left. They used Teaser videos and was more aggressive in their Advertising strategy for Galaxy S2. Inferences of the product through Advertisements: There were certain attributes shown in the Ad for the two products. After watching the Ads consumers had perceived that these attributes, Product is of High Quality, Brand Awareness, Were the Claims made believable are important than other attributes. Inspite of the aggressive advertisements strategy that Samsung had shown, Apple still managed to portray their product as a High Quality product from very few of their official advertisements. As we have seen the Brand value is a high influential factor while purchasing iPhone. This must have been generated through brand awareness in which advertisement is one of the factors. As we have seen from the Unique selling proposition, Apple had always shown advertisements stressing more upon their Applications. This claim made by them is more believable, as seen from the pie chart. Customers who relied on Internet Research for their Decision of their Phone It is seen from the people we surveyed that there are high number of people who use Internet to understand the overall specifications of the phone. From this we can infer that Internet is a major factor for making their decision for the product. From the results we derived its been seen that Review websites played a major role in the customers who bought Samsung Galaxy S2 whereas You Tube and Company websites were most influenced in the buying process of iPhone4 users. Its quite clear from the chart that most of these two smartphone users have experienced the phone prior to purchase. From the bar chart we interpret that the highest number of people using the Samsung Galaxy S2 got inspired by using their friends phone which led them to the purchase of the same. However, in the case of iPhone both friends phone and company showroom both play a vital role. As the major dealers like Sharaf DG and Jumbo they have a exclusive section for iPhone. Its clear from the bar charts that majority of iPhone users are all Die-Heart fans whereas Galaxy S2 users are all Inspired users who experienced the phone and then decided to have it. In this we can see that Apple has a strong Brand Loyal customer Base. Now we arrived to the final phase of our survey where we measure the customer satisfaction post purchase of the Phone From the Survey we inferred that majority of the users in both the brand smartphones are very` satisfied and agreeing that the phone is fun and easy to use. However, the iPhone4 had a higher count in the number of people who found it more fun and easy. We inferred from the pie chart that majority of the users of Galaxy S2 as well as iPhone4 were Very satisfied about the Quality made of the phone. However, the iPhone4 had a higher count in the number of people who had said has a better quality make of the case. The majority of consumers were very satisfied with the features which were suiting there need in both the smart phone as we can see from the graph. However, the Galaxy S2 had a higher count in the number of people who had the opinion that it suited their needs. The internet experience is having more satisfied consumer for iphone compare to Samsung galaxy S2. Nonetheless majority of the mobile users were very satisfied about their Internet access experience. When it comes to application majority of the two phone users were very satisfied with what their phone provided them. But then when we compare between the two phones we see that iPhone4 had more number of people who were very satisfied with their online Application store as they have an app for almost anything. Both the phone users had majority users who were very satisfied with the photo and video clarity their phone had, but comparing between the two phones its seen in the piechart, iPhone has more very satisfied customers in respect to Photo and camera clarity. Sound Performance was ranked very satisfied for both the phone user in majority, Galaxy S2 has more very satisfied customers compared to iPhone4 as we can see from the pie chart. Clearly from the bar chart its visible that iPhone users are not happy with the Battery Backup the phone provides, whereas for Galaxy S2 its having an uneven distribution so what we understand is the phone gives different battery backup depending on the purpose of what the user does the most. SWOT Analysis on basis of Consumer Behaviour Survey On the basis of our consumer behaviour survey we have redefined our SWOT Analysis Apple iPhone 4 Strengths First Mover Brand of High Quality Awareness Loyal User Base Photo Video Clarity Application store Use Internet Access Experience Weakness Limited Distribution channels Less Advertisement Less Word of Mouth Opportunities Existing Applications Loyal customer base Threats Gorilla Attack Intense competition Highly Developed Market Samsung Galaxy S2 Strengths Feature/Specification Performance Good Distribution channels Sound Performance Suiting Customer Needs Battery Backup Satisfaction Opportunities Word of Mouth Advertisement Recommendations For Samsung Samsung should focus on brand building strategies. Samsung should tactically plan and rectify, to create a feeling among the customers that Galaxy S2 is a reliable product of high quality. That company needs to focus on to influence people to opt their product in the coming future through internet and social media. For Apple Apple should focus more on advertisements. Apple should make their product available by opening more company stores. Apple should focus on the product availability on the global scale after the product launch. Conclusion It is seen from our studies that this industry is having a strong competitive scenario and technologically innovative segment. Due to its high aggressive nature there is a constant change in the innovation of the products within less span of time. In both the product Galaxy S2 iPhone4 having an edge over each other in some or the other attributes for e.g. Apple is known for its brand value where as Samsung is known for its performance. Samsung being a challenger is more aggressive towards its marketing strategy and in recent times they have started Gorilla attacks especially in American European Markets. Compare to Apple Samsung have wide range of distribution across worldwide which is their major strength. The major strength for Apple is its large loyal customer base without any effective marketing they are able to maintain it. There is a belief that the challenger may soon will become the leader in this segment but as we have seen in past that Apple has always brought innovation in their product and with this they have gain first mover advantage and able to capture high market share. So in future we believe that there will be a fierce competition in the smart phone segment not only between these two companies but with other companies coming in the picture to gain significant market share.

Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is often considered to be Twain's masterpiece. It combined his raw humor with startlingly mature material to create a novel that directly attacked many of the traditions the South held dear. Huckleberry Finn is the main character, and it is through his eyes that the South is revealed and judged. His companion, a runaway slave named Jim, provides Huck with friendship and protection during their journey along the Mississippi. The novel begins with Huck himself writing the story. He briefly describes what has happened to him since The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. After Huck and Tom discovered twelve thousand dollars in treasure, Judge Thatcher invested the money for them. Huck was adopted by the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, both of whom took pains to raise him properly. Dissatisfied with his new life, Huck runs away. Tom Sawyer manages to bring Huck back by promising to start a band of robbers. All the young boys in town join Tom's band, and they use a hidden cave as their hideout. However, many of them soon become bored with the make-believe battles and so the band falls apart. Soon thereafter Huck sees footprints in the snow which he recognizes as his Pa's. Huck realizes that Pa has returned to claim his money, and so he quickly runs to Judge Thatcher and "sells" his share of the money for a "consideration" of a dollar. Pa catches Huck and makes him hand over the dollar, and threatens to beat Huck if he ever goes to school again. Judge Thatcher and the Widow try to gain court custody of Huck, but a new judge in town refuses to separate Huck from Pa. Soon thereafter, Pa steals Huck away from the Widow's house and takes him to a log cabin. Huck says that he enjoys the life at first, but he soon decides to escape after Pa starts to frequently beat him. Soon thereafter Pa returns to the town and Huck seizes the chance to escape. He saws his way out of the log cabin, kills a pig and spreads the blood as if it were his own, and then takes a canoe and floats downstream to Jackson's Island. Once there he sets up camp and hides out. A few days later Huck stumbles onto a still smoldering campfire on the island. He is frightened but decides to discover who the other person is.

The Use of Vocabulary in Dulce Et Decorum Est and The Volunteer Essay

The Use of Vocabulary in Dulce Et Decorum Est and The Volunteer 'The Volunteer' by Herbert Asquith and 'Dulce Et Decorum Est' by Wilfred Owen are two poems, which cast very different opinions on the Great War of 1914 - 1918. In 'The Volunteer' Asquith has created an inspirational mood, one that indicates patriotism and optimism. However, 'Dulce Et Decorum Est' contrasts 'The Volunteer', with its angry and bitter mood. One of the principal aspects that help to create the mood is the use of particular vocabulary. In 'The Volunteer', the vocabulary used is rather simple with words that reflect and familiarise with glorious pieces of English history. 'Nor need he any hearse to bear him hence, Who goes to join the men of Agincourt.' Using such vocabulary gives the English reader a sense of pride and willingness to fight and die for their country. Also the poem uses words such as 'toiling', 'gleaming', 'charging' and 'thundering'. These examples of onomatopaeia emphasise what Asquith is meaning to say in the particular section of the poem. 'Toiling at ledgers in a city grey,' is used to describe the working and unchanging cycle of the life of a clerk. The words 'grey' and 'toiling' emphasise the tone of repetitiveness and dullness used in this particular section of the poem. As the poem develops, the tone becomes glorious, patriotic and optimistic. 'Yet ever 'twixt the books and his bright eyes The gleaming eagles of the legions came; And horsemen, charging under phantom skies, Went thundering beneath the oriflamme.' This excert demonstrates contrast, onomatopaeia and vivid imagery. The words 'gleaming', 'charging' and 'thundering' help to build up the mood, making it become gloriu... ... back to the beautiful country that bure it. 'A pulse in the eternal mind no less Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;' The poem considers heaven and all it's inhabitants as being English. 'In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.' 'Futility' contradicts the moods, opinions and tones of 'The Soldier'. It believes that dying for something is pointless and nothing has been achieved, it asks what is the point of living only to die? 'Are limbs, so dear-achieved, are sides, Full-nerved---still warm---too hard to stir?...' It is a poem which changes tones several times, going from soft and gentle, to harsher and questioning, to pure bitterness. The overall mood is bitter and harsh and reflects Owen's opinion of war. 'Was it for this the clay grew tall O what made fatuous sunbeams toil To break earth's sleep at all?'

Child Development Stages

Unit 201 Child and young person development Outcome 3: Understand the potential effects of transitions on children and young people 3. 1 Identify the transitions experienced by most children and young people 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young people’s behaviour and development Under each heading, explain how each aspect may impact on a child’s behaviour & development, giving examples.  ·Puberty: Growth spurts, early bloomers, late bloomers, jealousy from late bloomers, personal odour, self conscious of body changing. Males, become taller and stronger, body changes , body odour may develop and he may need to start using deodorant. They become moody at times and parents need to try and understand this to help there adolescent cope with changes. The most important factors in the adolescence through puberty is peers, family and school. Any disturbance in these 3 factors can be a heavy burden on this growing child. This could lead to depression, drugs, criminal acts and more.  ·Starting school- From pre – school to primary (Reception class). Child could feel nervous and feeling insecure. May start primary with no friends from pre-school. New faces, new friendships. Learning to dress themselves for P. E, more independence needed. How may this affect the child’s behaviour and development? Starting school -( cont from above) If child J slips through the cracks, is not offered reassurance by his teacher or by parents, he will continue to feel left out. He will then become withdrawn and isolate himself from everyone and everything. He will fall back in class and because he has isolated himself from peers, he might start to feel that he is on his own. He will then start to enjoy his own company. He will not have any social skills and will not move beyond this point. If child J starts school and this kind of behaviour is picked up early & he is offered reassurance from his parents, teacher and all that are a positive role in his life things could be very different. The more positive the parents are, the more the child will be. He will thrive in school and be able to communicate well with the teacher and peers.  ·Moving class or school – Moving from reception class to year one. Children start to follow the national curriculum and are often taught more formally. It can effect a child who is used to learning through play, suddenly they have to work in a formal way for longer periods. More learning , less free time. Change of teacher, teaching assistant ( have a supply teacher). Affects learning, self esteem, not wanting to go to school. Eg. ) We moved to England when my son was 4 years old. On arrival he attended primary school A, he did reception class and year one at this school. By the time he got to year 2, I felt the teacher was very laid back and I was not happy with her method of teaching. I then moved him out of school A in the middle of year 2 and moved him to school B. It was a different area. He had to then start all over again, new school, start to make a whole new circle of friends. In school B this is where the bullying started. He kept it very quiet and it was not till I was approached by one of the mothers at the school, she informed me that my son was being bullied. I thought I was doing the best for my son by moving him into a new school because all I wanted was for him to thrive. Moving school was not a good choice, instead of thriving, he was unhappy, it affected his self esteem and he became withdrawn. I should have considered my sons happiness. This is better Kamilla, you have used a good example.  ·Starting Secondary School – There are differences in the curriculum and the way subjects are taught. Some children may find that there close friends have transferred into different schools, so they must develop new friendships. Although transitions can be difficult, moving on can also be a positive and exciting experience eg) Biggest to smallest, timetables, many schools feed friendships, change of classes, change of subjects, start to carry bags, finding there way around the school. Eg. ) The quiet shy male /female student may fall into the clutches of the group of peers. To avoid being bullied or to try and fit in with the â€Å" In kids† he/ she will go to the ends of the earth to avoid being made fun of. In some schools there is initiation. Some children lose their confidence right at the start of secondary school. . 2 Identify transitions that only some children and young people may experience e. g bereavement 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young people’s behaviour and development Under each heading, explain how each aspect may impact on a child’s behaviour & development, giving examples.  ·Bereavement – Following a death of a parent or someone close to a child can be traumatic. If child was living with one parent this may mean a change in carer and perhaps a move into residential or foster care. Loss of parent is devastating . Keep an eye on change of behaviour . Grief goes through several changes Eg) Anger, denial, withdrawn and crying all the time. It may affect memory, concentration and learning. This challenge lasts for months and can last for two or more years. It can affect children in different ways. Eg. ) There are children who continue to do well in school following the death of a loved one. These children go unnoticed. They my use the tasks of school work or sports to block out painful feelings or thoughts, or they may feel a need to excel because of a feeling that the parent is watching them and will want to show the deceased parent how much they care in this way. This type of response to loss can result in stress – related health problems later on in life, as well as potential physical and emotional difficulties from unresolved grief. How to Help Maintain routines in school Be realistic about expectations for academic achievement Allow make-up opportunities Remember that some children continue to have academic difficulties up to 2 years following a death, and sometimes beyond Make exceptions for sports participation†¦ sports can help with the healing process Refer to the school counselor Communicate with the parents Respect the child's need to grieve Avoid telling the child to â€Å"Move on† or â€Å"Get over it†. Create an emotionally safe classroom Learn about children's grief Recognize that intense grief can come at developmental stages, years after a death occurs Be patient Affirm the person, regardless of academic performance  ·new baby – The older children experience change, Younger children often find changes tin family life because of the new arrival, particularly difficult to cope with. Eg) My son was was an only child till he was 10years old. We always did everything thing together, I over smothered him and therefore he was not an independent child. Once his sister was born, he became mature over night and became more independent. I feel this was a positive change in his life. His little sister looks up to him. Think also about a child that feels left out, how may that affect their behaviour and development The first child may experience a range of emotions, from excitement to jealousy or even resentment. Younger toddlers are unable to verbalize their feelings, and their behaviours may regress after the new child is born. They might suck their thumb or drink a bottle, forget their recent potty training skills and communicate baby talk in an effort to get your attention. Older toddlers and kids might express their feelings by testing your patience, misbehaving, throwing tantrums, or refusing to eat. These problems are usually short lived and a little preparation can help and older child adjust to the idea of welcoming a new sibling.  ·moving house – A family may move house either into a poorer environment where there may be high incidences of crime or into a better area where they are more open spaces. A child that moves into a new area will leave behind friends and extended families. How will this affect their behaviour and development A new house, new environment, new area can affect a child in many different ways. A new surrounding depending, can affect a child by making them feel unsettled. Unfamiliar faces, unfamiliar scents, unfamiliar bedrooms can set a child back. The breakdown of connections with peers, discontinuation of group activities, distress and worries related to a new environment are potentially psychologically distressing events for young children. Frequent exposure to these events can be stressful and confusing and may affect their psychosocial wellbeing, thus increasing their intention toward ending their life if they are unable to cope.  ·parent divorce & separation – Both familiar routines and lifestyles will change. Children will become more independent when there is only one parent. Sometimes they think it is there fault. Some children become withdrawn from everyone. Some children rebel, school work may suffer. Do you have any examples Eg) Child Z was 13years old when his parents got separated. His body was going through major changes hormonally. Once his parents separated he became a different child. He automatically became the man of the house. He rebelled against his mother, had no respect, came home when he pleased, his school work suffered. He disrespected everyone around and was very easily influenced. He got into trouble with the law due to peer pressure. When you put all this kind of behaviour, this child was seeking attention. His grandparents intervened, sat him down and had a one to one with him. He informed them that he felt that his parents had split up because of him, he felt that he couldn’t bare to see his mum in tears all the time. He also mentioned that there was no stability in the house and it was very unsettling for him, hence his behaviour.  ·Fostered/ looked after children – If fostered because parents can’t cope eg) because of drug abuse, alcohol abuse. Foster children are normally placed miles away from where they grew up. Issues of distance. Foster kids are normally moved around due to behaviour or reasons out of their control. Some children experience feelings being unsettled. Some children are already damaged before they are even fostered eg) Due to unsettled background. They make take several behaviours with them, insecure , difficult to make friends – lack of trust. Good Well done Kamilla. You have expanded your answers, but occasionally didn’t really say what affect the transition had on behaviour and development. I will chat to you about this on Tuesday morning. See you then Could you leave the comments on your answers please – it shows I am doing my job. Thank you. E assessed 16th October, 2011